http://elea.unisa.it/xmlui/handle/10556/8126 Mon, 20 Apr 2026 10:54:19 GMT 2026-04-20T10:54:19Z http://elea.unisa.it/xmlui/handle/10556/8191 Asimmetrie contrattuali nel mercato libero dell'energia: oneri di sistema e forme di tutela dei “traders” Pignataro, Gisella Il mercato elettrico è strutturalmente complesso e regolamentato. Richiede la partecipazione di una pluralità di soggetti pubblici e privati, parti di distinte relazioni negoziali, contratti collegati e contenuti conformati dall’Autorità di regolazione per energia, reti e ambiente. Il passaggio al mercato libero ha evidenziato asimmetrie non soltanto nei rapporti con i consumatori, ma anche nei confronti dei “traders”, il cui accesso al mercato risulta ostacolato da una conformazione dei contenuti contrattuali inclusiva di onerosi obblighi accessori verso i distributori. Il tema degli oneri generali di sistema, al centro di un’animata disputa giurisprudenziale, consente di far emergere un persistente vuoto di tutela, nonostante la declaratoria di illegittimità delle clausole in tema di garanzia, arginabile soltanto dall’ampliamento della nozione di abuso di dipendenza economica.; The electricity market is complex and regulated. It requires the participation of public and private entities, parties to distinct relationships, of related contracts and implied terms of OFGEM (Office of Gas and Electricity Markets). The transition to the free market has highlighted asymmetries not only in relations with consumers, but also with traders, whose access to the market is hindered by a contract with ancillary obligations towards distributors. In Italy, the general charges of system are the object of a lively jurisprudential dispute: the inlawfull clauses of guarantee, declared by the administrative judge, receives no protection without the expansion of the notion of abuse of a superior bargaining position. Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://elea.unisa.it/xmlui/handle/10556/8191 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://elea.unisa.it/xmlui/handle/10556/8190 (Ir)Responsabilità penale e minore età: alla ricerca di nuove categorie per una politica criminale razionale Cardillo, Marianna Il sistema del c.d. doppio binario codificato dal Codice Rocco si presenta fortemente irrazionale legato com’è all’imputabilità dell’agente come presupposto del giudizio di colpevolezza. Le ricadute pratiche e i problemi generati da tale sistema sono particolarmente noti ed evidenti con riguardo al minore d’età il quale, seppur meritevole di tutela rafforzata ex art. 31 co. 2 Cost., laddove risulti autore di un fatto penalmente rilevante ed a seconda della fascia d’età in cui si collochi, vivrebbe di una criminogena (ir)responsabilità. Ecco allora che, il diritto penale dell’eguaglianza trova attuazione nel recupero di quote di responsabilità anche per soggetti fisiologicamente immaturi individuando la figura del giovane adulto - ovvero di colui che, seppur anagraficamente adulto, compie fatti che mostrano un’esigenza educativa prima ancora che rieducativa - unitamente alla figura dell’adulto giovane nell’ambito di un “binario sanzionatorio unico integrato”. Ed ecco perché quest’ultimo soggetto, in quanto minore infraquattordicenne in relazione agli elementi che circostanziano il reato, oggetto di una perizia descrittiva non più ascrittiva, risultando capace di percepire il disvalore del fatto commesso e di essere motivato mediante norme sarà pienamente responsabile in nome di una sanzione con finalità ri-educativa.; The double track system codified by the Rocco Code is strongly irrational as it is based on the agent’s imputability as a prerequisite for the judgment of guilt. The practical repercussions and problems generated by this system are particularly well-known and evident regarding minors who, although deserving of enhanced protection under Article 31, paragraph 2 of the Constitution, if they commit a criminally relevant act, depending on their age group, experience a criminogenic (ir)responsibility. Thus, criminal law equality is implemented by recovering shares of responsibility even for physiologically immature individuals, identifying the figure of the young adult - someone who, although chronologically an adult, commits acts that show an educational rather than re-educational need - alongside the figure of the young adult within a “unified integrated sanctioning track”. Therefore, this latter subject, being under fourteen years old and considering the circumstances of the crime, is the object of a descriptive rather than an ascriptive expert assessment. If they are capable of perceiving the wrongdoing of the committed act and can be motivated through norms, they will be fully responsible in the name of a sanction with re-educational purposes. Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://elea.unisa.it/xmlui/handle/10556/8190 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://elea.unisa.it/xmlui/handle/10556/8189 The paradox of Roman-Dutch law in Holland Thomas, Philip The term Roman-Dutch law was first used by the Dutch jurist Simon van Leeuwen, but was not current in his time or province. The nomenclature was revived after the annexation of Natalia by the British empire in 1845 and became associated with the South African legal system during the twentieth century. This paper explores why the terminology “Roman-Dutch” is not appropriate to the jurisprudence of the Dutch republic. This republic owed her existence to the resistance of the provinces in the Low Countries, to the new age and new republic emerging from the Middle Ages, which the Hapsburg monarchy attempted to introduce in these regions. The Dutch aristocracy, the wealthy urban bourgeoisie of Holland as well as the working classes clung to the medieval status quo in terms of which they continued to govern their prosperous towns and provinces retaining their identities. This resistance gave birth to an innovative paradigm of constitutional law, but continued the medieval legal pluralism. Both were reactions against the constitutional theories derived from Roman law by the absolute monarchies of the developing national states and the concomitant drive to legal unification on the basis of Roman law. In consequence, the jurisprudence of Holland rowed upstream against the tide of the times, which can de deduced from the academic lectures delivered at the university of Leiden by Dionysius van der Keessel on the eve of the incorporation of the Dutch state into the French empire of Napoleon. This paper attempts to establish the links and conflicts between the various forces in politics and socio-economics at the fault zones between communitarianism and individualism, parochialism and globalisation avant la lettre and unification against pluralism. Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://elea.unisa.it/xmlui/handle/10556/8189 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://elea.unisa.it/xmlui/handle/10556/8188 Interpretazione e contratto Stanzione, Pasquale Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://elea.unisa.it/xmlui/handle/10556/8188 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z