| dc.description.abstract | Nowadays, taking and sharing digital pictures is becoming a very popular
activity. This is witnessed by the explosive growth of the digital cameras
market: e.g., more than one billion of digital cameras have been produced
and shipped in 2010. A consequence of this trend is that also the number of
crimes involving digital pictures increases, either because pictures are part
of the crime (e.g., exchanging pedopornographic pictures) or because their
analysis may reveal some important clue about the author of the crime.
The highly technical nature of computer crimes facilitated a wholly new
branch of forensic science called digital forensics. The Digital Forensic Sci-
ence involves processes such as acquisition of data from an electronic source,
analysis of the acquired data, extraction of evidence from the data, and the
preservation and presentation of the evidence. Digital Imaging Forensics
is a specialization of the Digital Forensics which deals with digital images.
One of the many issues that the Digital Imaging Forensics tries to deal with
is the source camera identi cation problem, i.e., establish if a given image
has been taken by a given digital camera. Today this is a practical and
important problem aiming to identify reliably the imaging device that acquired a particular digital image. Techniques to authenticate an electronic
image are especially important in court. For example, identifying the source
device could establish the origin of images presented as evidence. In a prosecution for child pornography, for example, it could be desirable that one
could prove that certain imagery was obtained with a speci c camera and
is thus not an image generated by a computer, given that "virutal images"
are not considered offense. As electronic images and digital video replace
their analog counterparts, the importance of reliable, inexpensive, and fast
identification of the origin of a particular image will increase.
The identification of a source camera of an image is a complex issue which
requires the understanding of the several steps involved in the creation of
the digital photographic representation of a real scene. In particular, it
is necessary to understand how the digital images are created, which are
the processes which create (and therefore affect) the creation of the digital
data, starting from the real scene. Moreover, it is necessary to point out the
factors which can be used to support the camera identification and, may be
even more important, which are the factors which can tamper the photos
and prevent (maliciously or not) the camera identification.
Many identification techniques have been proposed so far in literature. All
these techniques generally work by using the sensor noise (an unexpected
variation of the digital signal) left by a digital sensor when taking a picture
as a fingerprint for identifying the sensor. These studies are generally accompanied with tests proving the effectiveness of these techniques, both in
terms of False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR).
Unfortunately, most of these contributions do not take into consideration
that, in practice, the images that are shared and exchanged over the Internet
have often been pre-processed. Instead, it is a common practice to assume
that the images to be examined are unmodified or, at most, to ignore the
e ects of the pre-processing.
Even without considering the case of malicious users that could intention-
ally process a picture in order to fool the existing identification techniques,
this assumption is unrealistic for at least two reasons. The first is that,
as previously mentioned, almost all current photo-managing software o ers
several functions for adjusting, sometimes in a "magic" way (see the "I'm
feeling lucky" function on Google Picasa) different characteristics of a picture. The second reason can be found in the way the images are managed by
some of the most important online social network (OSN) and online photo
sharing (OPS) sites. These services usually make several modifications to
the original photos before publishing them in order to either improve their
appearance or reduce their size.
In this thesis we have first implemented the most prominent source camera
identification technique, proposed by Lukas et al. and based on the Photo-Response Non-Uniformity. Then, we present a new identification technique
that use a SVM (Support Vector Macchine) classifier to associate photos
to the right camera. Both our implementation of Lukas et al. technique
and our SVM technique have been extensively tested on a test-sample of
nearly 2500 images taken from 8 different cameras. The main purpose
of the experiments conducted is to see how these techniques performs in
presence of pre-processed images, either explicit modified by a user with
photo management tools or modified by OSNs and OPSs services without
user awareness.
The results confirm that, in several cases, the method by Lukas et al. and
our SVM technique is resilient to the modifications introduced by the considered image-processing functions. However, in the experiments it has
been possible to identify several cases where the quality of the identifica-
tion process was deteriorated because of the noise introduced by the image-
processing. In addition, when dealing with Online Social Networks and
Online Photo Sharing services, it has been noted that some of them process
and modify the uploaded pictures. These modifications make ineffective,
in many cases, the method by Lukas et al. while SVM technique performs
slightly better. [edited by author] | en_US |
